Celluloid vs. Bakelite — What's the Difference?

Celluloid, developed in the late 19th century, was one of the first synthetic plastics, utilized for its ability to mimic natural materials like ivory and tortoiseshell. This made it popular for combs, buttons, and decorative items. Bakelite, on the other hand, introduced in the early 20th century, was the first synthetic thermosetting plastic, known for its heat resistance, electrical nonconductivity, and strength, making it ideal for electrical insulators, radio and telephone casings, and kitchenware.

Celluloid is highly flammable, limiting its use in certain applications, whereas Bakelite's heat-resistant properties made it suitable for electrical and automotive parts that required durability at high temperatures.

The manufacturing process of celluloid involves dissolving nitrocellulose and camphor in alcohol, then pressing the mixture into sheets, blocks, or other shapes. Bakelite manufacturing, however, involves combining phenol with formaldehyde under heat and pressure to create a hard, durable plastic that can be molded but not melted and reshaped.

Celluloid's aesthetic appeal, with its ability to be dyed in various colors and its translucency, contributed to its popularity in jewelry and film stock. Bakelite, while not as versatile in appearance, was celebrated for its practical applications, resulting in a different kind of consumer appeal, particularly in household and industrial products.

Despite celluloid's significance in the evolution of plastics, its usage has declined due to its flammability and the advent of safer, more durable plastics. Bakelite, while also largely replaced by more advanced polymers, remains a collector's item in the form of vintage jewelry, radios, and kitchenware, signifying its enduring legacy.