Dominican vs. Jesuit — What's the Difference?

The Dominicans, officially known as the Order of Preachers (O.P.), were established with the primary aim of preaching the Gospel and combating heresy. Their foundation by St. Dominic in the early 13th century was motivated by a need to address the Albigensian heresy through the education of the clergy and laypeople. In contrast, the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits (S.J.), founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola in the 16th century, emerged during the Counter-Reformation. The Jesuits are noted for their dedication to education at all levels, from elementary education to universities, as well as for their missionary work and intellectual research.

Dominican spirituality is marked by a strong emphasis on community life, liturgical prayer, and contemplation, with a particular devotion to the Rosary. This spiritual orientation supports their preaching mission by fostering a deep personal relationship with Christ and a thorough understanding of Catholic doctrine. On the other hand, Jesuit spirituality focuses on the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius, which encourage individual discernment of God's will and active engagement with the world through a lens of faith. Jesuits are known for their adaptability and for working in various social contexts to promote justice and education.

The Dominicans have historically contributed to the Catholic Church through their scholarly work, including the contributions of Thomas Aquinas, whose writings remain influential in Catholic theology. Dominicans often serve in academic roles, contributing to theological and philosophical discourse. Jesuits, while also deeply involved in education and scholarship, have played significant roles in missionary work across the globe, engaging in interreligious dialogue and cultural exchange. Notable Jesuits include scientists, philosophers, and missionaries who have impacted various fields and communities worldwide.

Both orders take vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, but Jesuits also take a special vow of obedience to the Pope regarding mission assignments, reflecting their close alignment with the papal mission. While Dominicans primarily wear white habits, symbolizing purity, Jesuits do not have a distinct habit, often wearing clerical attire appropriate to their setting, which underscores their adaptability and commitment to being "contemplatives in action."

In summary, although both the Dominicans and Jesuits share the common goal of serving the Catholic Church and its teachings, they do so through distinct charisms and missions: Dominicans through preaching and teaching grounded in a contemplative life, and Jesuits through education, intellectual research, and missionary work grounded in discernment and active engagement with the world.