GNU vs. Linux — What's the Difference?

GNU, standing for "GNU's Not Unix," is a project initiated by Richard Stallman to create a free Unix-like operating system, consisting of free software. Linux, in contrast, refers specifically to the kernel, or the core part of an operating system, created by Linus Torvalds. The GNU project has developed a comprehensive collection of free software, which when combined with the Linux kernel, forms a complete operating system commonly referred to as Linux, though accurately called GNU/Linux.

While Linux is the kernel that manages hardware resources, the GNU project provides the essential components of an operating system, such as utilities and applications. Without the Linux kernel, GNU's tools would lack a critical layer that interfaces with the hardware. Conversely, without GNU's tools, Linux would operate only as a kernel without the necessary user environment and utilities to perform tasks.

The GNU project began before the Linux kernel was developed and was intended to include a kernel called GNU Hurd, which is still in development. The Linux kernel, however, was successful and became popular quickly, leading to its combination with the GNU system to create a fully functional OS. It's this combination that most people refer to as "Linux" today.

Linux is often credited for the proliferation of open-source software in the mainstream computing world, providing a reliable kernel that can be used in various distributions like Ubuntu, Fedora, and Debian. These distributions are often a blend of GNU tools and the Linux kernel, showcasing how intertwined the two projects have become. GNU's philosophy centers around freedom in software, while Linux's success is rooted in its robust performance, security, and support.