Harpsichord vs. Piano — What's the Difference?

The harpsichord, an early keyboard instrument, generates its distinctive sound through quills (originally made of bird feather) that pluck the strings when a key is pressed. This action results in a bright, resonant tone that has a relatively uniform volume, regardless of how forcefully the keys are played. On the other hand, the piano, a more modern invention, produces sound by hammers striking the strings, with the force of the strike being determined by how hard the player presses the keys. This mechanism allows for a wide range of dynamics, from very soft (piano) to very loud (fortissimo), giving the piano a significant expressive advantage over the harpsichord.

The harpsichord is often associated with Baroque and Renaissance music, where its clear, penetrating sound complements the intricate melodies and harmonies of the period. Its lack of dynamic range is compensated by its ability to play rapid, complex passages, making it ideal for the ornamental style of music from these eras. Whereas the piano's versatility and dynamic capabilities have made it a central instrument in classical, jazz, pop, and modern music, its ability to convey a broad spectrum of emotions and nuances has endeared it to composers and musicians alike.

While the harpsichord often features multiple keyboards or manuals, and sometimes includes stops that allow the player to change the tone color by engaging different sets of strings, these features are primarily for timbral variation rather than dynamic control. The piano, however, relies on its single keyboard and the pedals (most commonly the sustain pedal) to alter its sound, offering sustained notes and allowing for a richer harmonic blend.

Maintenance and tuning for harpsichords can be more complex due to their sensitive, mechanical action and the historical materials used, such as gut strings and plectra made from quill or plastic. Pianos, while also requiring regular tuning and maintenance, are built with more durable materials, making them better suited to a wider range of environments and uses.

The design differences between harpsichords and pianos reflect their unique roles in music history and performance. The harpsichord's design, optimized for speed and clarity in intricate musical passages, contrasts with the piano's emphasis on dynamic range and tonal variety, making each instrument suited to different musical genres and periods.