Marxism vs. Fascism — What's the Difference?

Marxism, conceptualized by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, is a political and economic theory focusing on the struggle between social classes, particularly the proletariat (working class) and the bourgeoisie (capitalist class). This theory posits that societal change, primarily in the economic domain, is inevitable due to these class conflicts. On the other hand, fascism is an authoritarian and nationalistic political ideology that emphasizes the importance of the nation or race over individual rights and often favors dictatorial power.

Marxism champions the idea of a classless society where the means of production are communally owned. It seeks to eliminate capitalist systems, which it views as exploitative, by transitioning through a period of proletarian revolution and dictatorship to eventually reach communism. In contrast, fascism prioritizes the unity and purity of the nation or race, often sidelining individual freedoms and diversity. It sees the state's power as a tool to preserve and amplify the nation's strengths and traditions.

Marxism is grounded in a materialist interpretation of history, meaning it views changes in material conditions (like technology or production methods) as the primary driver of societal transformation. It suggests that all political and ideological superstructures arise from the economic base. Fascism, however, often emerges in response to perceived societal decay or the threat of external enemies. It tends to glorify war, violence, and aggressive masculinity as means to rejuvenate and invigorate the nation.

While Marxism emphasizes internationalism and seeks to unite the global proletariat against capitalist systems, fascism is inherently insular. Fascist regimes tend to promote isolationist policies, emphasizing self-sufficiency and national pride. For Marxists, the goal is international solidarity against oppression, while fascists aim for national dominance and often racial purity.

Lastly, Marxism's ultimate vision is a stateless and classless society where individuals contribute and receive based on their abilities and needs. Fascism, however, rarely offers a vision beyond the perpetuation of the state's power and the purity and dominance of the nation or race.