Xenophobia vs. Racism — What's the Difference?

Xenophobia is characterized by an irrational fear or dislike of people from other countries or cultures, manifesting in social exclusion and discrimination. This attitude often stems from a perceived threat to national identity or societal norms. Whereas racism involves prejudiced beliefs or discriminatory practices based on racial differences, asserting the superiority of one race over another. It's deeply rooted in historical power dynamics and societal structures.

While xenophobia may manifest in a reluctance to engage with or accept cultural practices different from one's own, leading to social and sometimes legal barriers against foreigners, racism specifically targets individuals based on their racial or ethnic backgrounds, often resulting in systemic inequalities. On the other hand, both can intersect, as xenophobic attitudes can also harbor racial prejudices, complicating the discrimination faced by individuals who are both foreign and of a distinct racial or ethnic group.

Xenophobia often emerges from a fear of the unknown or the loss of social or economic status due to the presence of foreigners, leading to protective measures against perceived threats. Meanwhile, racism is sustained by historical and institutional legacies that advantage certain races at the expense of others, perpetuating disparities in access to resources, representation, and justice.

In combating xenophobia and racism, efforts differ; anti-xenophobia campaigns may focus on promoting cultural exchange and understanding, whereas anti-racism initiatives tackle structural inequalities and advocate for systemic change. Both require addressing underlying fears and stereotypes but through somewhat different strategies reflecting their distinct natures.